William Bird, director of Johannesburg-based Media Monitoring Africa, says the arrests of the half-dozen Ethiopian journalists run parallel to the rise of anti-government protests this year. Of the six journalists arrested in Ethiopia this year, five are being held without charge and all five had reported critically on the protests.

Silencing criticism

"We've seen, certainly in 2016, significant levels of civil uprising to challenge the lack of freedom there and part of the government's default response has been to arrest and detain journalists," he told VOA. "So they're clearly taking an approach that says, the best way of staying in power is to crush anyone who opposes you."

And, he says, it works.

"We've got journalists in jails throughout our continent, and there's seldom a peep," he said. "These are tactics that unfortunately on our continent tend to have a far greater and more devastating impact, partly because there are less media in those countries anyway, but also because there isn't as much international outrage when you arrest an African journalist in an African country, than when you arrest a journalist from a major international news outlet."

In Somalia, Mohamed Ibrahim Moalimuu, a former radio journalist and secretary-general of the National Union of Somali Journalists, says killings in his country are mercifully lower than last year. But he says, that could be because so many journalists have already been killed, he ticked off at least two dozen that he could remember, and many others have fled into exile or been driven to self-censor.

Moalimuu lives in Mogadishu, but spoke to VOA via Skype from Nairobi, the capital of Kenya, where he is attending a journalism workshop.

"Some of our colleagues went to other parts of the world, and they fled from Somalia because of their own security," he said. "So that's what they want, that's what all those people who want to silence the media wanted."

Truth over danger

He says he has had two close calls, most recently in January of last year, when he had to play dead to avoid being killed as militants sorted among a heap of fallen bodies and fired bullets into those who appeared to still be alive.

But, he says, it's only strengthened his resolve.

"If we all leave and run away from Somalia, that's what these people who want to silence the media want," he said. "So we are actually insisting until the last drop of our blood we will remain in Somalia and work. ... We still want to die for our people because our people deserve to listen and hear what the reality on the ground is."

The six journalists killed in Africa in 2016 mostly covered conflict, corruption and politics. The only African female journalist killed presented a children's radio show in Somalia. Somali extremists have targeted women who hold prominent leadership roles.

Their names were Abdiaziz Ali, El-Hadj Mohamed Diallo, Isaac Vuni, Mahad Ali Mohamed, Marcel Lubala, and the lone woman, Sagal Salad Osman.